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Assume,. for. example,. that. the. encoder. generates. 600. pulses. per. revolution,. and. it. takes. 000. motor. revolutions. to. move. the. platform. from. one. position. to. another,. moving. the. platform. from. position. . to. position. 6. (5. positions). takes. 5000. motor. revolutions. or. 30,000. encoder. pulses.. In. most. practical. applications,. the. frequency. of. these. pulses. is. too. high. for. them. to. be. counted. with. inputs. that. are. not. associated. with. a. highspeed. counter.. Interrupts. S7-200. PLCs. incorporate. instructions. for. use. with. interrupts.. Interrupts. are. used. to. initiate. a. specific,. hort. PLC. program. segment,. called. an. interrupt. routine,. when. an. internal. or. external. event. occurs.. After. the. interrupt. routine. has. been. executed,. control. is. returned. to. the. main. program. Three. types. of. interrupts. are. supported. by. S7-200. PLCs,. communication port interrupts,. I/O interrupts,. and. timebased interrupts .. Communication. port. interrupts. are. used. to. control. a. communication. port. operated. in. Freeport. mode.. I/O. interrupts. are. used. to. respond. quickly. to. high-speed. I/O. transitions,. such. as. those. associated. with. high-speed. counters. or. pulse. train. outputs..Time-based. interrupts. allow. the. user. program. to. execute. an. interrupt. routine. on. a. cyclic. basis. Each. of. these. types. of. interrupts. has. an. associated. priority. that. determines. which. interrupt. is. processed. first. in. the. event. that. two. or. more. interrupts. are. requested. at. the. same. time.. Communication. port. interrupts. have. the. highest. priority. and. time-based. interrupts. have. the. lowest. priority. Pulse Training Output (PTO). S7-200. PLCs. have. two. PTO/PWM generators. that. create. either. a. high-speed. pulse. train. or. a. pulse. width. modulated. waveform.. One. generator. is. assigned. o. output. point. Q0. 0. and. the. other. to. output. point. Q0. .. When. a. generator. is. activated,. it. controls. its. respective. output. Pulse Train Output (PTO). is. used. to. provide. a. series. of. pulses. to. an. output. device,. such. as. a. stepper. motor. driver.. The. PTO. provides. a. square. wave. output. for. a. specified. number. of. pulses. and. a. specified. cycle. time.. The. number. of. pulses. can. be. from. . to. 4,294,967 ,295. pulses.. The. Pulse. Train. Output. has. a. 50%. duty. cycle.. This. means. the. pulse. is. off. for. the. same. amount. of. time. that. it. is. on. 63 The. number. of. pulses. and. he. cycle. time. can. be. changed. with. an. interrupt.. In. the. accompanying. example,. each. pulse. is. initially. on. for. 500. ms. and. off. for. 500. ms.. After. four. pulses,. an. interrupt. occurs. which. changes. the. cycle. time. to. 2. seconds,. . second. on. and. . second. off. . 1 sec 1 sec 500 ms Interrupt Occurs Pulse Width Modulation. (PWM) The. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) function. provides. a. fixed. cycle. time. with. a. variable. duty. cycle.. When. the. pulse. width. is. equal. to. the. cycle. time,. the. duty. cycle. is. 00%. and. the. output. is. turned. on. continuously.. In. the. following. example,. he. output. initially. has. a. 0%. duty. cycle. (on. 0%,. off. 90%).. After. an. interrupt,. the. output. switches. to. a. 50%. duty. cycle. (on. 50%,. off. 50%). On Off On Off 10% Duty Cycle 50% Duty Cycle Interrupt Occurs The. PWM. function. can. be. used. to. provide. a. programmable. or. adjustable. control. of. machine. timing.. This. allows. machine. operation. to. be. varied. to. compensate. for. product. variations. or. mechanical. wear. And Much More. The. instructions. listed. in. this. section. are. only. examples. of. the. types. of. instructions. available. for. S7-200. PLCs.. The. full. instruction. set. includes. a. uch. broader. range. of. capabilities.. Refer. to. the. S7-200. System. Manual. for. additional. information. 64 Specialized Expansion Modules In. addition. to. the. expansion. modules. previously. discussed. that. provide. additional. discrete. or. analog. I/O,. several. expansion. modules. are. available. to. provide. communication. interfaces. or. specialized. I/O. functions. EM 241 Modem Module One. of. these. modules. is. the EM 241 Modem module.. This. module. supports. communication. between. a. computer. with. STEP. 7. Micro/WIN. and. an. S7-200. PLC. SF/DIAG EM 241 MODEM 241-1AA22-0XA0 S7-200 PLC with EM 241 Modem ModuleModem Computer The. EM. 24. provides. an. international. telephone. line. interface. and. supports. sending. numeric. and. text. paging. messages,. as. well. as. SMS. (Short. Message. Service). messages. to. cellular. phones.. This. is. useful. for. remote. diagnostics. and. maintenance,. machine. control,. alarm. systems,. and. general. communication. functions. In. addition. to. CPU-to-CPU. communication. via. a. telephone. line,. the. EM. 24. also. supports. Modbus. RTU. protocol,. a. protocol . that. has. been. widely. used. for. many. years. SINAUT MD 720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem Module SINAUT Telecontrol (Siemens Network Automation). ermits networking. of. individual. controls. and. control. systems. over. a. WAN. (Wide. Area. Network).. One. approach. for. providing. this. capability. is. SINAUT Micro.. This. is. a. simple. and. flexible. way. to. link. stationary. or. mobile. stations. to. a. master. control. center.. SINAUT. Micro. is. appropriate. where. smaller. amounts. of. data. have. to. be. transmitted. to. permit. monitoring. and. control. of. remote. stations. using. wireless. techniques. with. the. General. Packet. Radio. Service. (GPRS). of. the. Global. System. for. Mobile. Communication. (GSM). mobile. radio. network.. 65 The.SINAUT MD720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem module. and. associated. ANT794-4MR antenna. are. the. hardware. elements. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. into. a. SINAUT. Micro. system.. SINAUT Micro SC software. is. also. required. WinCC flexiible, Win CC SET S O C RS232 X1 SINAUT MD720-3 720-3AA00 SINAUT MD 720-3 GSM/GPRS Modem Module Antenna CP 243-1, CP 243-1 IT Communication Processors. Industrial. Ethernet. provides. a. proven. means. of. networking computers. and. a. variety. of. intelligent. devices.. CP 243-1 and CP 243-1 IT communication processors. are. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. to. an. Industrial Ethernet network. CP. 43-. and. CP. 243-. IT. communication. processors. can. be. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. via. Industrial. Ethernet. to. a. computer. running. STEP. 7. Micro/WIN.. This. allows. the. S7-200. PLC. to. be. configured,. programmed,. and. diagnosed. remotely.. In. addition,. an. S7-200. PLC. connected. to. an. Industrial. Ethernet. network. can. communicate. with. S7-200,. S7-300,. and. S7-400. PLCs. and. a. variety. of. other. devices. The. IT. functions. of. the. CP. 243-. IT. Internet. module. simplify. the. process. of. setting. up. a. control. system. that. can. email. diagnostic. infor mation. or. transfer. files. using.Internet. protocols. S7-200 PLC with CP 243-1 or CP 243-1 IT Communication Processor SF/DIAG SIMATIC S7-300 PLC CP 243-1 Ethernet CP 243-1EX00-0XE0 Industrial Ethernet Programming Device (PG) or Computer SIMATIC S7-400 PLC 66 EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP. Module. PROFIBUS DP. is. an. open,. international. fieldbus. communication standard. that. allows. a. broad. range. of. intelligent. devices. from. various. manufacturers. to. communicate. rapidly. and. efficiently.. This. reduces. wiring. costs. as. well. as. start-up. and. maintenance. expenses.. EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP module. allows. connection. of. the. S7-200. CPU. (CPU. 222. and. above). o. a. PROFIBUS-DP. network. as. a. slave.. Non-Siemens Controllers Other Intelligent Devices and Systems S7-200 PLC with EM 277 PROFIBUS DP Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 0 Other SIMATIC Controllers 2 4 0 2 8 X10 6 8 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY X1 6 4 EM 277 PROFIBUS-DP CPU FAULT POWER DP ERROR DX MODE I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 PORT 0 PROFIBUS DP I/O Systems Display Systems Computers CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module Actuator Sensor Interface (AS-Interface or AS-i). is. a. system for. networking. field. devices. such. as. sensors. and. actuators. ith. control. and. operator. interface. devices.. AS-i. replaces. the. extensive. parallel. wiring. often. used. to. connect. sensors. and. actuators. to. controllers. with. a. simple. 2-core. cable.. The. cable. is. designed. so. that. devices. can. only. be. connected. correctly. CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master module. allows. connection. of. the. S7-200. CPU. (CPU. 222. and. above). to. a. AS-I. network. as. a. master.. S7-200 PLC with CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY CM CER PWR APF SF B SET AS-Interface Master CP 243-2 AUP 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 DISPLAY 6GK7 243-2AX01-0XA0 AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves Repeater AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves PORT 0 100 meters S7-200 PLC with CP 243-2 AS-Interface Master Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 100 meters CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY CM CER PWR APF SF B SET AS-Interface Master CP 243-2 AUP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 AS-Interface Power Supply Slaves Slaves AS-Interface Extension PlugI0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 DISPLAY 6GK7 243-2AX01-0XA0 PORT 0 200 meters 67 EM 253 Position Module. Position. control. describes. a. range. of. applications. that. involve. movement. with. varying. degrees. of. precision.. The. EM 253 Position module. is. a. simple. but. powerful. positioning. module. that. enables. the. user. to. control. position. sys tems. from. microsteppers. to. intelligent. servo. drives. (with. integrated. closed-loop. control). SF/DIAG MF MG P0 DIS P1 CLR PWR EM 253 Position STP ZP LMT RPS – + 253-1AA22-0XA0 S7-200 PLC with EM 253 Position Module EM 253 Features. Features. f. the. module. include: †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. †¢. Provides. high-speed. control. with. a. range. from. 20. to.. 200,000. pulse. per. second Supports. both. S. curve. or. linear. acceleration. and. deceleration Provides. a. configurable. measuring. system. that. allows. you. to. enter. data. as. engineering. units. (such. as. inches. or. centimeters). or. as. a. number. of. pulses Provides. configurable. backlash. compensation Supports. absolute,. relative,. and. manual. methods. of. position. control Provides. continuous. operation Provides. up. to. 25. motion. profiles. with. up. to. 4. speed. changes. per. profile Provides. our. different. reference-point. seek. modes. with. a. choice. of. the. starting. seek. direction. and. final. approach. direction. for. each. sequence Provides. removable. field. wiring. connectors. for. easy. installation. and. removal 68 Expansion Modules for Temperature Measurement Two. S7-200. PLC. expansion. modules. are. available. for. accurate temperature. measurement, EM 231 Thermocouple module and EM 231 RTD module. EM. 23. Thermocouple. module. provides. analog. inputs. for. thermocouples.. A. thermocouple. is. a. temperature. sensor. made. from. two. dissimilar. metals. joined. at. a. point. called. a. junction..A. thermocouple. produces. a. small. voltage. that. is. dependent. upon. temperature.. Various. types. of. thermocouples. are. available. for. use. in. different. temperature. ranges.. Two. versions. of. EM. 23. Thermocouple. modules. are. available,. one. for. four. thermocouples. and. one. for. eight. thermocouples.. Each. version. is. compatible. with. J,. K,. T,. E,. R,. S,. or. N. thermocouples,. but. the . thermocouples. used. with. a. specific. module. must. be. of. the. same. type. EM. 23. RTD. module. provides. analog. inputs. for. resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).. An. RTD. is. a. temperature. sensor. made. rom. a. metal,. such. as. platinum,. nickel,. or. copper,. that. varies. in. resistance. in. a. predictable. manner. as. temperature. varies.. Two. versions. of. the. EM. 23. RTD. module. are. available,. one. with. two. analog. inputs. and. one. with. four. analog. inputs.. Either. version. can. be. used. with. a. variety. of. RTD. types,. but. the. RTDs. used. with. a. specific. module. must. be. of. the. same. type. SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 . 0 . 1 CPU 224 AC/DC/RLY +24 VDC SF EM 231 AI4 – TC I0 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 I1 .0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 243-7PD22-0XA0 PORT 0S7-200 PLC with EM 231 Expansion Module A+ A- B+ B- C+ C- D+ D- A+ A- a+ a- B+ B- b+ b- M L+ Configuration M L+ Configuration + 24 VDC Refer to the S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual for Configuration DIP Switch Positions + 24 VDC Refer to the S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual for Configuration DIP Switch Positions EM 231 Thermocouple module, 4 Input Version EM 231 RTD module, 2 Input Version 69 SIWAREX MS Weighing Module SIWAREX MS Weighing module provides.. a. simple,. easy to. install. approach. for. weighing. and. force. measurement. applications.. SWAREX. MS. Weighing. module. is. designed. to. measure. the. oltage. produced. by. sensors. commonly. used. to. measure. weight,. force,. or. torque. SIWAREX. MS. is. easily. integrated. into. an. S7-200. PLC. system. as. an. expansion. module.. This. makes. information. obtained. from. SIWAREX. MS. available. to. other. components. of. the. automation. system.. In. addition,. Siemens. offers. a. wide. variety. of. compatible. sensors. and. other. components. S7-200 PLC with SIWAREX MS Module SIMATIC S7 – 200 SF/DIAG RUN STOP 00 . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 01 .0 . 1 CPU 224XP DC/DC/DC SF I NET p —I SIWAREX MS ->00< >< T Tp T o SIWAREX R Load Cell Touch Panel TP 177micro 0 Review 6 .. Three. types. of. SIMATIC. counters. available. in. the. S7-200. instruction. set. are. ____________,. ____________. and. ____________. 2†¦ CPU. 22. and. CPU. 222. support. ____. high. speed. counters.. CPU. 224,. CPU. 224XP ,. CPU. 224XPsi,. and. CPU. 226. support. ____. high. speed. counters. 3.. S7-200. PLCs. have. two. ___________. that. create. either. a. high-speed. pulse. train. or. a. pulse-width. modulated. waveform. 4.. ________. and. ________. communication. processors. are. used. to. connect. an. S7-200. PLC. to. an. Industrial. Ethernet. network. 5.. _________. module. allows. connection. of. an.S7-200. CPU. (CPU222. and. above). to. a. PROFIBUS-DP. network. as. a. slave. 6.. _________. module. allows. connection. of. an. S7-200. CPU. (CPU222. and. above). to. an. AS-I. network. as. a. master. 7 .. Two. v ersions. of. EM. 23. Thermocouple. module. are. available,. one. for. ____. thermocouples. and. one. for. ____. thermocouples. 8.. Two. versions. of. EM. 23. RTD. module. are. available,. one. for. ____. RTDs. and. one. for. ____. RTDs. 7 Review Answers Review 1 Review 2. . Review 3. Review 4. ). a:. input. module,. b:. CPU,. c:. output. module,. d:. programming. device,. e:. operator. interface;. 2). 2;. 3). 6;. 4). 00,. 000. 0000,. A. ). discrete;. 2). discrete;. 3). CPU;. 4). Ladder. logic;. 5). Statement. list,. function. block. diagrams;. 6). scan;. 7)024;. 8). firmware; 9). RS-485. ). CPU. 22,. CPU. 222,. CPU. 224,. CPU. 224XP ,. CPU. 224XPsi,. CPU. 226;. 2). b;. 3). 2,. 7;. 4). 8,. 6;. 5). 4,. 0;. 6). Q0. 3;. 7). DIN. ). a:. box,. b:. normally. open. contact,. c:. coil;. 2). AND. Function. -. a:. 0,. b:. 0,. c:. 0,. d:. ,. OR. Function. -. e:. 0,. f:. ,. g:. ,. h:. ;. 3). I0. ,. I0. 0,. Q0. 0. ). 224XP;. 2). On-Delay. Timer. (TON),. Retentive. On-Delay. Ti mer. (TONR),. Off-Delay. Timer. (TOF). ;. 3). 3276. 7. seconds;. ). Retentive. On-Delay. Timer. (TONR);. 5). On-Delay. Timer. (TON),. Off-Delay. Timer. (TOF),. Pulse. Timer. (TP). ). Count. Up. Counter. (CTU),. Count. Down. Counter. (CTD),. Count. Up/Down. Counter. (CTUD);. 2). 4,. 6;. 3). PTO/PWM. generators; 4). CP. 243-,. CP. 243-. IT;. 5). EM. 277. PROFIBUS-DP 6). CP. 243-2. AS-Interface. Master;. 7). 4,. 8;. 8). 2,. 4.. Review 5. Review 6. 72 73 Final Exam You. can. test. your. knowledge. by. taking. the. final. exam. for. this. course. online. at. http://www. usa. siemens. com/step.. This. web. page. provides. links. to. a. variety. of. our. quickSTEP. online. courses.. To. complete. he. final. exam. for. this. course,. click. on. the. Basics of PLCs. link.. Next,. move. your. mouse. over. to. the. left. so. that. the. navigation. bar. pops. out. and. select. the. Final Exam. link.. The. final. exam. page. will. appear.. Before. taking. the. final. exam,. it. is. recommende d. that. you. delete. the. temporary. files. on. your. computer.. For. most. versions. of. Internet Explorer,. you. can. do. this. by. selecting. Internet Options. from. the. Tools. menu. and. then. clicking. on. the. Delete Files. button.. If. you. do. not. perform. this. step,. you. may. see. a. score. of. 0%. after. you. submit. your. xam. for. grading. After. you. complete. the. final. exam,. click. on. the. Grade the Exam. button. at. the. bottom. of. the. page.. Your. score. on. the. exam. will. be. displayed. along. with. the. questions. that. you. missed.. If. you. score. 70%. or. better. on. the. exam,. you. will. be. given. two. options. for. displaying. and. printing. a. certificate. of. completion.. The. Print Certificate. option. allows. you. to. display. and. print. the. certificate. without. saving. your. score. in. our. database. and. the. Save Score. option. allows. you. to. save. your. score. and. display. and. print. your. certificate. 74

A Whistle-Blower for All Seasons

Whistle-blowing has had a long and venerable tradition in the history of politics. From Cicero and his Catiline Orations to Cynthia Cooper at WorldCom, whistle-blowers have existed for as long as there was political intrigue and power on the line.For this essay, however, the focus will be on one particular famous historical whistle-blower; Sir Thomas More, a former chancellor to Henry VIII of England. This essay will attempt two things; to compare Sir Thomas More to recent famous whistle-blowers and to determine what makes an effective whistle-blower.By way of background, in 1534 King Henry VIII of England sought an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Anne Boleyn. (Brigden) More resigned from the Chancellorship when the English Parliament enacted several acts designed to wrest authority over the English Church from Rome when the King’s annulment was refused by the Pope. (Williams) He was eventually executed for his refusal to cooperate.Sir Tho mas More, as portrayed in Robert Bolt’s play called A Man For All Seasons, is the penultimate man of conscience. In one of the more famous lines from the play, Sir Thomas answers Norfolk’s pleas for fellowship on the matter of the Act of Succession by replying, â€Å"And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according to your conscience, and I am damned for not doing according to mine, will you come with me for fellowship?† (Bolt)This shows the esteem with which Sir Thomas More held the human conscience, and deemed that a man ought to live and die by the dictates of that conscience.This particular trait is something he shares with modern-day whistle-blowers like Linda Lewis of the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture, who blew the whistle on her agency’s lack of preparedness in the event of a terrorist attack. She claimed that both More and Martin Luther were her inspirations when she made the d ecision to blow the whistle, quoting Martin Luther’s â€Å"Peace if possible, but truth at any rate†. (Andersen)Sir Thomas More also had the advantage of a strong faith, which lent him transcendent moral ideals. He was â€Å"the King’s good servant, but God’s first†, whose answer to Norfolk’s questioning of the concept of Apostolic Succession[1] was, â€Å"But what matters to me is not whether it's true or not but that I believe it to be true†. (Bolt) His faith was tied to his notions of conscience, and a violation of a transcendent moral principle was more intolerable than political and personal upheaval.   Whistle-blowing can be a very isolating act.A whistle-blower often breaches expectations of loyalty from the group he or she belongs to. (Bok) This leads to retaliation from the group the whistle-blower once expected to be safe in. However, a transcendent belief, be it in the form of ethics, religious beliefs, community allegian ces, ontological security, economic security or political ideology, helps whistle-blowers identify with a higher authority and gives them the fortitude to go through with the act and withstand the strong pressure to conform. (Jasper)More shares this trait with FBI whistle-blower Fred Whitehurst, who claimed that his religious faith sustained him in his decision to against his superiors in a matter of evidence tampering. (Andersen)[1] Apostolic Succession is the doctrine that all bishops of the Church are successors of the Apostles, with the Pope succeeding St. Peter.

Climate Change and Poverty Essay

Over the past few decades, a major concern is the threat climate change possess for today’s economy. Millions of people are affected each and every day by climate change but this is just the beginning of the worst. One thing that seems to go unharmed by climate change is social status; how long will money last as a barrier to the effects of Mother Nature? How does poverty increase the risks associated the devastating powers of climate change? When speaking in terms of poverty many different categories arise. Poverty in America is different than poverty in Asia or Africa. Every country has faced poverty. It is inevitable; some countries however, face a disproportionately high percentage of poverty. Climate change affects many different aspects of each country. Each country is at risk of poverty due to climate change; however, poverty stricken areas are more economically, socially, and politically unprepared. Country’s economic standings are greatly affected by climate change Many people are confused as to how the changing climates affect the economy. Every country depends on agriculture and specific levels of water to generate specific revenues. The more poverty stricken areas rely on farming and water levels more so than well off countries. Most of these countries have not yet been fully developed like USA, Europe or some parts of Asia. Climate change threatens the potential future crop yields. Climate change could place an additional 5 to 170 million people at risk of hunger by the 2080’s (Rosenzwig and Parry). We are talking about a vicious never ending cycle of devastation. Countries depend on rain fall for agricultural growth; climate change affects the amount of rain fall from droughts to monsoon levels. Farming is at the mercy of water, leaving communities with the threat of possible starvation. Most of the poverty stricken areas rely solely on farming, not only for revenue, but also for nutrition. This being said, climate change drastically threatens a country’s economic status not just for the more poverty stricken areas but every country as well. Climate change and agriculture are intertwined processes; both take place on a global scale. The problem about climate change is that it has a very slow increase, such as one or two degrees a year. This does not seem to be that devastating. However, many crops are climate based such as grains and coffee, grapes used for wine production, and other fruits; even the slightest increase of temperature will and can affect these crops. Thus climate change is leaving already poverty stricken areas like India and northern Africa to await their drastic fate. Although low and middle income countries are only responsible for a small percentage of greenhouse gas emissions, the adverse health effects associated with climate change will fall disproportionately on the lower income countries; this inequity will further exacerbate global health disparities. The greatest social peril of climate change is how it affects health issues, especially those in poverty stricken areas. The changing of temperatures will further effect the ecology of diseases such as yellow fever, malaria, and dengue fever; socially the people most at risk are the elderly, very young, and the poor (McMichael). Millions of people below the poverty line and those in rural areas represent high risk populations who are exposed to myriad health risks, including poor sanitation, pollution, malnutrition, and a constant shortage of clean drinking water (Dhiman). Climate change is already taking a toll on the economical standings of poverty stricken countries; proceeding with the vicious cycle of social destruction, climate change seems to have no weakness. For instance, the summer of 2010 was the hottest summer on record in India, with temperatures reaching a record average of 122 degrees Fahrenheit. The effects were limitless: crops perish, livestock were killed, and thousands of people were hospitalized or killed (Burke). A study of 12 globally urban areas noted a 2. 80 – 5. 08 percent increase in mortality rate for each one degree increase above 29 degrees Celsius (Hajat). India has the highest amount of people living and suffering with AIDS; climate change affects the research and possible solutions of fighting off AIDS and other diseases. With limited resources such as water available not only would it be hard to make vaccines and cures it opens up an unprecedented amount of possible deaths. When looking at the corporate businesses and the undoing of the human habitat; the United Nations has sanctioned many organizations to track climate change such as the UNEP, the World Meteorological Organization and the IPCC. Since the mid-eighties, these agencies have monitored the changes, yet have failed o convey the significance. Studies done by these agencies have concluded that the last fifty years are attributable to human activities and big corporations which lead to the changing in the compositions of the atmosphere throughout the 21st century (Saltori). These activities that are mentioned are those by means of businesses that grew into national conglomerates. Concurrent with business growth, the greenhouse gas emissions have grown seventy percent from 1970 to 2004 (Lehner). Recent studies have shown that 122 corporations produce eighty percent of greenhouse gases (IPCC). The climate is going to drastically change the world forever, but at whose expense? What exactly does the political eminence of these companies have to do with climate change and poverty? The answer lies in yet another vicious never ending cycle. Corporations employ millions of people enabling the stimulation of the economy. The people in return purchase and live off of the money from the corporations. However, not only are people living off the companies, but they are also contributing to and enabling to the production of greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, we as a civilization have become accustomed to these conglomerates to survive, or so we ruminate. Poverty stricken areas lack these 122 multinational companies, yet they still feel their wrath. There is, however, undoubtedly a silver lining; the businesses and their bringing of our destruction may also be the key to our survival. We know that these 122 companies have in a way sealed our fate; yet they also bring many more attributes to the table. These companies are capable of stimulating the economy, advancing technology and are accomplished enough to lead the world to better health conditions. The UN established an adaption fund to help developing countries cope with climate change. With all these efforts only eighty million dollars was raised, which was miniscule to the actual amount needed. The United Nations and their sanctions also developed a refugee program for these underdeveloped countries; becoming a refugee country is harder than conquering world peace. They developed a three level program to help these countries with rules and regulations in place that become more drastic at each level. This program has developed these strict rules, so as to not have a recurrence of the refugees after World War II. The revenue from the businesses would easily be able to help the disadvantages they have created. Once these sanctions made from the UN and conglomerates can realize that they are the bringer of destruction and also the possible savior, the world may be able to breathe more easily. These companies are reporting constant growth in income. The company’s net worth is constantly on the rise while the poverty stricken areas are in need of help and rendered useless to the businesses devastating effects on climate change. The abundance of revenue would be a great help if donated to those sanctions created by the UN. In today’s world we face a harsh time ahead. Poverty stricken areas are more economically, socially and politically unprepared. The world is changing and it is for the worse. Climate change is affecting every national resource we as a global community need to survive. Underdeveloped countries are limited to their amount of resources and depend on those to survive. With the climate in the rise the production of many fruits, vegetables, grains and every country’s staples are all at risk. Countries’ livestock are included under the climate change’s pressure. The changing of the weather affects not only the heat, but also the rain fall from droughts to monsoons’ and floods and leads to unstable clean drinking water supplies. Poverty stricken areas are not able to produce certain health vaccines; climate change and the changing of waterfall seriously hinder their abilities to create more vaccines and provide accurate health care. Many viruses and illnesses â€Å"power countries† have and are able to treat and even cure are not as easily treatable in those underdeveloped countries. The most devastating aspect is realizing how the companies we take for granted are leading us to our doom. Producing eighty percent of greenhouse gases is unimaginable. What is more mind-boggling is that these 122 conglomerates hold the key to our salvation. These companies have the power, the wealth and time to fix their undoing and help right their wrongs. Millions of people are at risk to the effects of climate change. Going â€Å"green† is a simple yet wonderful way to help save our planet however, our efforts are useless to those in severely poverty stricken areas. The time to make awareness is now; the time to stand up is now; the time to act is now!

Educating Young Adults about Sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educating Young Adults about Sex - Essay Example The learning stresses on both the vices and virtues of sex. It gives a background alongside which one develops into responsible and health grown-up capable of utilizing the inborn sex nature to the fullest capability, without getting obsessed by it. It allows one to recognize and become comfortable with individual’s sexuality. The rise in a number of young adults infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus according to the World Health Organization is attributed to the lack of sexual understanding by the young adults. This understanding can only be fully achieved through the introduction of sex education in the society. Successful sex Education plans for the young adults have common elements necessary for a healthy living in the modern world. Wieland and Jeune (pg78) the current world was formed by traditional people. Such people considered sexuality and sex as an offensive topic of discussion for people who are not married. On contrary Kirdy and Moira (pg 90) asserts that there is great need to have sex education offered to the young adults. Young adults do engage in sexual practices and therefore sexual education should not be meant for the married only. Initially, there was little importance attach to sex education for the young adults. Klein and Measor (pg 47) assert that it was until early 20th century that the world and the society started giving attention to the females. They started receiving more appreciations from their male counterparts. As a result, they started receiving same education in a school with the male students. The traditional role they played in the society was further uncalculated by introducing some added curriculum for the female students.According to Fielder (pg 44), the average marriage age has been delayed due to the carrier –oriented advance in life.  

Feature Writing and Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feature Writing and Journalism - Essay Example At one home, she was even denied the right to study. She had early realized that education is very important to earn money. After she had run away from her second foster home at thirteen years of age, she had ensured that till sixteen years she would remain at the orphanage and study. Thereafter, she would move to a new place and pursue higher study while working. She had left Dakota when she was sixteen. She is a very determined young lady who is not only smart but also very intelligent and focused. She does part time cleaning job at the IT firm and works late night shift at the local bar as waitress. As jobs are scarce, she believes that any work would do so far as it is able to pay her college fee. Her black belt in Judo has helped her to ward off the attention of street Romeos and drunkards while working later night shifts or attending night classes of management. She shares her accommodation with two other girls who have now become her best friends and family. While this may not give her the requisite privacy, it nevertheless has helped her to survive in new place Her short term goal is to get management degree and later do apprenticeship in some established company. She has already talked to her supervisor at the IT firm who has assured her that once she gets the management degree, she would be considered. The firm employs young talents and gives them huge opportunities for growth. She had also made friends with many people at the firm who also help her in gaining computer skills. She also believes that campus interview would also help her in getting a job. She therefore has kept her options open. I really liked her focused approach to dealing things and issues. She has her priority well defined and works towards it with utmost seriousness. She tells me that she has already passed three semesters and after fourth one, she would be eligible to apply for junior management position. This is a great achievement, especially considering her

Book review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book review - Research Paper Example Education for special needs clearly indicates the ways of diagnosis of various illnesses and the way teachers who offer education to this student should have a positive approach towards them. A curative teacher is a teacher who deals with the less fortunate and relates to them every now and then. The education given to the needy should be one that appreciates the needy and develops a good rapport with the needy. Looking at the symptoms, the curative teacher comes up with a method that leads to the treatment of an illness affecting the needy one. Impression created by the curative teacher should be one that contributes to the development of a needy person socially, mentally and physically (Steiner, 2009). The audience targeted for this book is people who really relate to the needy every time. This can either be people living with the aged, doctors living with the needy, teachers who attend to the education of the needy or parents having sons or daughters in needy cases. It enhances more on developing the needy and appreciating them as part of our society. Understanding the symptoms of the needy clearly cultivates an understanding that helps the needy cope with the others in the society. One importance is that communication is enhanced and the needy are rejuvenated because there is one who appreciates him and does not look down on him/her. In a case autism the curative teacher understand the needy and an approach of humor is highly recommended in the book. The interrelationship of the society and the needy is also a key point. The book goes further and categorically states that isolating the needy from the rest of the society contributes to the depression of the less fortunate .For a condition such as mental illness when the victim is subjected to stigmatization depressions can cause the victim to undergo mental failures if not mad. The needy ought to be

Assignment 11Chapter10 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

11Chapter10 - Assignment Example Routine reports are supposed to be primed and submitted on issues required by the organization for the purpose of helping the organization management to take actions in the issues that are related to daily affairs of the business. The main aim of routine report is to make the management aware of the happenings within the organization, progress where there might be a deviation, and what kind of resolutions made in conjunction with solving the problem. There are few problems associated with routine reporting; one is that data collected and submitted within the organization is neither complete nor accurate for the purpose of tracking outcomes or process performance across the entire organization. Secondly, systematic evaluation of data may be hit with challenges as a result of inconsistencies (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). The main purpose of earned value measures the entire organization performance by use of an aggregate performance measure which is the earned value. The earned value of performed work for any task in progress is obtained by multiplying the estimated percent physical completion of task for each task by the planned cost for those particular tasks. The result should be the amount that may have been spent on the activity thus far; this can then be paralleled with the actual amount that has been spent (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). Having a summarized estimate of the percent completion of any project without keen study of every of its work and tasks units is not sensible in a

Three works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three works of art - Essay Example Being a book-worm is one thing; to gain knowledge from the book is a different issue. The captured knowledge in books is the great heritage of humanity. The books that have profoundly affected my thinking process and contributed positively are the following. I write their names in the order I read them. I happened to read them at different stages of my life: George Orwell was born in India in 1903. His family having moved to England in 1907, he commenced studies at Eton in 1917, where he contributed to several college magazines. Orwell served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927.After rendering some military service, his literary career began when he was the literary editor of the Tribune. He also contributed to the Observer and the Manchester Evening News. The book currently under review, Animal Farm, was published in 1945. In the post-World War era, the communist philosophy spread fast, became popular in many European countries. In addition, in Russia and China, communism dominated. People of these countries hoped that Communism will improve their lot in life and great economic transformation will take place, standard of living will substantially improve. The era of plenty and prosperity will begin. But to their great dismay, nothing of that sort happened. Exploitation of people continued, by a new set of rulers. Orwell says about the revolution through the pig, when it addresses an urgently summoned meting of all animals. â€Å"Rebellion! I do not know when that rebellion will come; it might be in a week of in a hundred years†¦..that sooner or later justice will be done†¦.pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.†(Orwell,2004,p.30) Orwell has intelligently taken animals as the characters to describe how one class of animals exercised authority on the weaker section of animals. In the authoritarian regime,

My hypothesis is How can nutrition help fight depression and boost Dissertation

My hypothesis is How can nutrition help fight depression and boost mood and the corrlation bewtween them - Dissertation Example The answers of above questionnaire reveal the fact that depression is a biochemical process, most of the people suffering with depression start to neglect their diet as a result the symptoms becomes severe. Most of them think that eating their favorite food or ice cream uplift their mood. Cases of depressions are increasing in U.K and USA and some time best medicines can’t cure properly. Why is it so? Researchers at Harvard University found that person with Vitamin B deficiency did not respond to the anti-depressant. This Vitamin is present in green leafy vegetables, grains and beans. If the diet rich in vegetables is taken, the chances of depression reduce. Moreover the cases of depression in USA are increasing rapidly then China. Again the factor behind this is nutrition, Chinese consume large amount of fish and fish like salmon and sardines are considered rich source of ‘Omega-3-fatty acids’. This fatty acid is consumed by the brain to stays healthy. It is scie ntifically proved fact that brain uses its energy requirements from blood glucose. If the glucose level is not balanced, the person is likely to suffer with apathy, depression. Certain amino acids are required for production of serotonin that influences mood, and adrenalin, dopamine that influence motivation. Salmon, tuna, snapper, shrimps soya bean n turkey are rich sources of tryptophan.

The Code of Ethics for Nurses Essay Example for Free

The Code of Ethics for Nurses Essay This paper discusses the code of ethics of nurses. The nurses are sometimes found in very challenging situations that call for proper decision making. The action taken should not be against this code of ethics. Nurses are guided by a set of laws that are meant to assist them in their duties to offer medical services and at the same time satisfy their patient’s requirements. The code of ethics for the nurses rejects any attempt to perform activities that are contrary to the patient’s rights. These include the right to life, to self esteem and the right to respectful treatment (International Council of Nurses, 2006). In the case study situation the surgeon made a wrong recommendation for the patient. Mr. B was wrongfully scheduled for a tumor resection procedure yet the most appropriate course of treatment for him was a palliative treatment or limited intervention. Subjecting the patient to a tumor resection was an act that subjected the aged patient to a higher risk of postoperative recovery (Strang, Strang, Hultborn, Arner, 2004). With the problem of bed space the patient deserved to be treated equally with other patients despite his age, the health condition and his limited chances of survival. The human rights stipulate clearly that the life of one individual is equally important as the other and therefore should not be undermined (Tschudin, 2003). The nurses should have acted by the principle of the first patient to be admitted the first to be served and in that situation the other patients younger than Mr. B should have been directed to other facilities. By all ethical standards, nurses should always value the lives of their patients regardless of the situation since all the lives are precious and none can be substituted for another one.

Media Representation On Political Changes Of Myanmar Politics Essay

Media Representation On Political Changes Of Myanmar Politics Essay A year after Myanmars first elections in 20 years, the country has taken important steps towards reforming its political system and its economy. It has surprised Myanmar citizens and the world with a series of important liberalizing measures. The 2011-2012 Myanmar democratic reforms are an ongoing series of political, economic and administrative reforms in Myanmar undertaken by the military-backed government. These reforms include the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest and subsequent dialogues with her, establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, general amnesties of more than 200 political prisoners, institution of new labour laws that allow labour unions and strikes, relaxation of press censorship, and regulations of currency practices. As a consequence of the reforms, ASEAN has approved Myanmars bid for the chairmanship in 2014. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Myanmar on December 2011, to encourage further progress; it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years. United States President Barack Obama visited one year later, becoming the first president to visit the country. Aung San Suu Kyis party, the National League for Democracy, participated in by-elections held on 1 April 2012 after the government abolished laws that led to the NLDs boycott of the 2010 general election. She led the NLD in winning the by-elections in a landside, winning 41 out of 44 of the contested seats, with Aung San Suu Kyi herself winning a seat representing Kawhmu Constituency in the lower house of the Myanmar Parliament. However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Myanmar troops and local insurgent groups continue. Background Myanmar was under military rule from 1962 to 2010. In 2008, the ruling Junta, State Peace and Development Council, announced the new constitution as a part of roadmap to democracy. The constitution, which reserves 25% of the Hluttaw legislatures seats for military, is seen by the opposition as a tool for continuing military control of the country. A constitution referendum was held in 2008 amid Cyclone Nargis. Observers criticized the referendum for voter intimidation, electoral fraud and advance voting. Nevertheless, on 15 May 2008, the junta announced that the constitution had been approved by 92.4% turnout in the two-thirds of the region that had held the vote. An election was held in 2010. The military backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory. The United Nations and Western countries have condemned the elections as fraudulent. National League for Democracy Aung San Su Kyi popularly in Myanmar cannot be doubted. She is one of several candidates for the National League for Democracy (NLD). She has campaigned across the country, in a Western fashion, to the point of exhaustion in order to lock in voter support. The by-election are also a test for the NLD, contesting elections for the first time since it won a majority of seats in Myanmars 1990 elections, having refused to participate in a 2008 referendum on a new constitution and in the subsequent general elections. Reforms Nevertheless, the government has embarked reforms toward liberal democracy, mixed economy, and reconciliation although the motives of such reforms are still debated. Corruption In March 2012, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw passed a law that will increase the wages of all public sector employees, including soldiers, as additional cost-of-living allowance of 30,000 kyat ($38USD), along with a daily wage increase of 1,100 to 2,100 kyat ($1.40-$2.70) for full-time employees, purportedly to tackle corruption in the government. The law will be effective 1 April 2012, when the Myanmar by-election, 2012 take place. Political Reforms The pro-democracy leader, Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010. After her release, she held a series of dialogues with President U Thein Sein and Minister U Aung Kyi. Although the discussions were not publicized, the state media reported that the two sides have agreed to set aside the differences and work together in matters of common interests that will really benefit the country and the people Aung San Suu Kyis ability to travel freely throughout the country is seen as an improvement compared to her trips in 2003 which met with a government sponsored massacre. Aung San Suu Kyis party, National League for Democracy boycotted the 2010 election. The election law enacted by the SPDC did not allow ex-prisoners to become members of registered political parties. If NLD decided to register, it would have to expel its members who were imprisoned. But in November, the government erased the clause in a parliamentary section. After the amendments, NLD leaders hav e unanimously decided to register for the by-election. How Myanmar Changed and What It Means Myanmar, which has been one of the most repressive states in the world for five decades, launched a sudden political transition in the past year. The government, run by President U Thein Sein, is preparing for by-election in April in which longtime dissident Aung San Suu Kyi will run. The government is inviting outside experts, observers, and even human rights activists to witness the elections. It is also apparently trying to end its numerous civil conflicts with ethnic minority armies and freeing a large number of political prisoners. This rapid shift has surprised many political activists in the country; only a year ago, most top U.S. officials argued the countrys generals would never voluntarily hand over power. At the same time, it is worth noting the almost negligible impact of US and EU efforts to sanction and pressure the regime over the past twenty years. Real reform? As importantly, the by-elections are widely seen as a critical indicator of the genuineness of the extraordinary process of political reform that has been gathering momentum in Myanmar for the past 12 months. The new, quasi-civilian Myanmar Government under reforming President U Thein Sein has publicly committed itself to an election process that is better than that of 2010, when ballot boxes were famously stuffed with early ballots which (unsurprisingly) favoured government-party candidates. To ensure this, they have for the first time ever invited international election observers from Myanmars ASEAN-plus network, including Australia. Clearly, the process of these elections is as important as the political outcomes. The election process will probably receive a mixed report, rather than an unqualified free and fair rating, as many relatively minor problems have already been reported (but not verified). A Political Opportunity The pace of change in Myanmar has sped up since national elections were held in November 2010. At the time, the international community condemned the polls as a way for the military to create a front government behind which it would continue wielding power. Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy (NLD) declined to participate. Yet the elections do seem to have opened up some political space and provided a modicum of hope for change. The elections were followed by the installation of U Thein Sein as president and the creation of a civilian parliament. Since then, both the parliament and U Thein Sein have shown significant signs of reform, while former junta leader Than Shwe has vanished from public sight. Freed from house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi began a dialogue with U Thein Sein that resulted in the reintegration of her NLD into politics and the rebuilding of the party. The parliament, though dominated by former military men, has been unexpectedly active in questioning government policies. The government also has set up a national human rights commission, invited political exiles to return, and dramatically loosened censorship of the domestic media. Aung San Suu kyi and Myanmars small steps towards change Only two years after general elections in 2010, the world had been watching Myanmars by-elections to be held in April 2012. Although the results cannot change the overall political balance of power with only 45 seats contested, the attention is there for two reasons. First, to see if the election points to real democratic reform and second, to watch the Nobel Peace Prize-winning opposition leader, Aung San Suu Kyi stand for election for the very first time. Aung San Suu Kyis new role Aung San Suu Kyi is a member of the National Assembly for the first time (but not in the government). She could continue to contribute actively but carefully to the new climate of public policy debate, criticizing government policy from time to time, but essentially from within the parliamentary system and without implying she is calling for the governments overthrow. Even without a government of national unity, the present informal understanding between President U Thein Sein and Aung San Suu Kyi is likely to continue. It is conceivable they will cooperate from time to time. The reaction of the Myanmar Army to Aung San Suu Kyis presence in the parliament will also bear watching. At this point it seems unlikely that they would be tempted to stage a counter-coup. Although no Longer directly responsible for governing the country, the army still exercises certain reserve powers under the constitution, which it has not yet had to resort to. Nor is it absolutely certain that President U Thein Sein will continue indefinitely to enjoy sufficient support among his former military colleagues. But equally, there are no signs so far of active opposition to him, especially when the new policies are demonstrably so popular among Myanmar people. Myanmars first steps Whatever happens among all these firsts, Myanmars will have a new paradigm for its elections. They are a firm foundation for a transition to democracy, without foreshadowing what precise shape this might take. In the immediate future, some form of cooperation between Myanmars political leaders would help lend stability to the process of change and reform, as well as of nation building, that Myanmar badly needs. The History of Xinhua News Agency The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the Peoples Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in China. It is the largest news agency in China, ahead of the China News Service. Xinhua is subordinate to the State Council and reports to the Communist Party of Chinas Propaganda and Public Information Department. The Xinhua press agency was started November 1931 as the Red China News Agency and changed to its current name in 1937. Today, Xinhua News Agency delivers its news across the world in six languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic, as well as news pictures and other kinds of news. It has made contracts to exchange news and news pictures with more than eighty foreign news agencies or political news departments. Xinhua is also responsible for handling, and in some cases, censoring reports from foreign media destined to release in China. The agency began to coverage its news and electronic media coverage and has increased its English coverage through its wire service and chinaview.cn web site. Xinhua acquired commercial real estate on New Yorks Times Square and is developing a staff of top-tier English-language reporters. Xinhua has started an English-language satellite news network. The Xinhua News Agency runs the prominent news website Xinhusnet.com, which provides news in six different languages. The domain xinhuanet.com attracted 430000 unique visitors between February 2008 and February 2009 according to a Compete.com survey Research Question To what extent does Xinhua News Agency website reported on the political changes in Myanmar? Did the media frame the Governmental transition positively or negatively? Statement of the problem (rational) Rationale and priorities While Western governments might be tempted to credit the sanctions they have imposed for the transformation of Myanmars politics, the changes have come out of an internal process, and have been influenced by domestic and regional realities. Myanmar has fallen far behind most other Southeast Asian countries in its socio-economic development. Its leaders may also have felt uneasy about their countrys increasing dependence on China. More specifically, the new government has apparently reassessed the countrys position in light of three priorities for the future. Firstly, Myanmar is due to hold the chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2014, and wants to ensure that it can do so it was due to hold the position in 2006, but withdrew following international pressure. Secondly, for its economy to thrive it needs to ensure that it meets the conditions for joining the ASEAN free-trade area planned for 2015. Thirdly, the USDP wants to win the next elections in 2015. Mo re generally, there appears to have been a fundamental change of view and an acceptance that the best way to assure the security and stability of the state is through reform rather than repression. Objective This topic is going to present the way of news presenting by website xinhuanet.com concerning news of by-election held on 1st April, 2012, highlighting prominent political transformation of new Myanmar Government. The significant of political reforms of Myanmar being made by the Presidents, U Thein Sein, new government got not only interest of Myanmar people but also have been appreciated and watched by other nations around the world. Especially citizen want citizenships to know the actual conditions of his/her countrys political and economic sectors. The government has been obliged to disclose their processing transparently to the public from time to time. Moreover, the media should act as a bridge between the public and government and they should inform real transformation progress of the government to the public exercise of media laws and journalist ethic without any bias. As a mass media publication about the by election surged, public awareness and curiosity of whether this by-election will result in political change or not had been raised. Mass media publications on such political occurrences raise not only public interests and awareness but also valuable cooperation from the public. It is therefore very important to track and assess political transformation news that raises publics awareness and interest from time to time. Nowadays, more and more powerful and updated media have been used. So, news can be spread around the world immediately when it was on the web page. Therefore, the media should consider well and press important news such as Political and Economic news which can be effect to the public. Brief Literature Review Media plays an important role around the world and also in Myanmar. Today, Information Technology age, the power of media is biger and biger day by day and placed as one of the essential parts for every country. For the betterment of the country, people should apply media effectively. Media is mainly seperated into two main types; such as printed media and electronic media. Electronic media is the communication delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy. Communication today is fast-pace and interactive due to modern technology. Global audiences swap information though modern online technologies that are interactive and fast-changing. Developments in media and communication technology include interactive websites and use of videos and virtual enviroments insted of printed content to convey information. The new media, including the internet offer higher opportunities for interaction with the public participation, beyond the time and space constraints of traditional media. In additional, new media technologies easily by passing national and international boundaries, thus bringing citizens of each country into contact with diverse culture and distant events. In the middle and late time of 1990, internet becomes important in journalism. Internet user should know the believable website of the news sources. The website is the one kind of online journalism. Today, online journalism is popular in the world. The bulk of online journalism has been the extension of existing print and broadcast media into the web via web versions of their primary products. Online journalism is defined as the reporting of facts produced and distributed via the internet. As of 2009, audiences for online journalism continue to grow in 2008, for the first time, more Americans reported getting their national and international news from the internet, rather than newspapers, and audiences to news sites continued to grow due to the launch of new news sites, continued investment in news online by conventional news organization, and the continued growth in internet audiences overall, with new people discovering the internets advantages for convenience, speed and depth. A significant tools of online journalism are internet forums, discussion boards and chats, especially those representing the internet version of official media. The widespread use of the internet all over the world created a unique opportunity to create a meeting place for both sides in many conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the First and Second Chechen Wars. Often this gives a unique chance to find new, alternative solutions to the conflict, but often the internet is turned into the battlefield by contradicting parties creating endless online battles. The claim that online sources are less biased and more informative than the official media is often backed with the belief that online journalists are merely volunteers and freelancers who are not paid for their activity, and therefore are free from corporate ethics. But recently many internet forums began to moderate their boards because of threat of vandalism. Some online journalists have an ambition to replace the mainstream media in the long run. Some independent forums and discussion boards have already achieved a level of popularity comparable to mainstream news agencies such as television stations and newspapers. Internet radio and Broadcast are other growing independent media based on the internet. Covering political news Parliament and State legislature become major news centres when in session. The Government is bound to make all announcements in the house. Political news also comes from in and around the house in session as political parties express their views on various issues and the relative strength of various parties is tested in the house. There are moves and counter-moves by ruling and Opposition parties which find place in news columns. A reporter should know the rules and procedures of Parliament. State legislatures follow similar rules and procedures with a slight difference here and there. During inter-session periods there are conferences of presiding officers of all the houses presided over by the speaker of the House of the People. This makes rules and procedures more or less uniform. Political reporting: This could be called the most tricky area of reporting. Here one has to understand the political process and the actors involved in it. The assessment of the situation or personality mey go wrong and this may lead to embarrassment of the correspondent. A correspondent covering a political party should always locate key persons who matter in the party. Then he should cultivate some of them just by meeting them occasionally and discuss with them national or party affairs. Such meetings may yield news also but they will surely help the correspondent in making an assessment of the man and his role in the party affairs. The correspondent should also be on good terms with the office staff of the party. Sometimes these people can be of much help in getting information or a story. Many a time politicians try to use reporters. They may plant something with a vested interest in mind. A reporter should be careful about such moves of politicians. A reporter should have a broad field of contacts in a political party. If one has just one or two sources they are not enough. You have to keep on looking for news sources all the time. A political correspondent with deep understanding of party affairs can do interpretative reports. He should always be cautious while interpreting alignments and movement of various political forces within the party. Coverage of political party conventions or conferences requires advance planning. A team of reporters or correspondents is dispatched to the site of the conference. Normally a senior political correspondent does a curtain-raiser telling what may come up at the conference. Such conferences have a lot of routine speechs and resolutions to be covered but they provide an opportunity to political correspondents to meet and discuss various issues with promonent politicians of the party. Information or equations arising out of such conferences help in understanding the party politics and trends that may help in future. Many parties have a system of regular press briefings. The concerned correspondent should never miss such briefings. Sometimes these briefings may not yield much but on other occasions they may give crucial news stories. But a correspondent should not confine himself to official party briefings. He should try to contact other sources or groups to more information. Political correspondents can also attempt situationers on the health and dynamism of the political party and various trends and alignments within the party. Political correspondents have to deal withrelationships and political alignments of different political parties. When the legislatures are in session their strength and alignment may become crucial. During elections political correspondents have to travel to key constituencies where prominent leaders may be contesting and assess the situation. At times, based on quick surveys or assessments of various correspondents in different areas, a national interpretative story may emerge. (K.M.SHRIVASTAVA,2007) Method This study employed a content analysis to examine the websites coverage of the political changes of Myanmar (by-election). This is quantitative study. It will use a content analysis method to examine the websites coverage of the political changes of Myanmar. About sampling, available sampling will be used. Stories will be chosen from the website to get sufficient number that will help to make clear analyzation and generalization. This is important because the coverage is not daily and may be it could take many days difference between the two coverage. Data will be presented and analyzed quantitatively using mathematical guidelines like graphs and percentages. The findings will provide answers to questions about how news websites covered issues concerning Myanmars political changes with by-election.

Analysis of Construct Traits in Personality Theory

Analysis of Construct Traits in Personality Theory Word Count: 1521 Q: It is said that traits are important constructs in personality theory. Support or refute this statement. 1. INTRODUCTION If you were every to ask a person to describe him or her self, he or she would probably make use of adjectives such as ‘motivated’, ‘fun-loving’, or maybe ‘lazy’ and ‘disorganised’. These people would, in essence, be describing themselves by identifying aspects of what makes them who they are, factors or traits. Kassin (2003) identifies individuals’ emotions, thoughts and behaviours as making up his or her personality. These can vary considerably from one person to the next. Therefore, in order to make the subject of personality more scientific, researchers such as Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, through a process of factor analysis, identified factors or aspects of personality, that are considerably stable across time. Personality traits. These researchers have not yet reached an absolute consensus on the precise number of traits, which may be used to accurately describe personality. Eysenck, for example identified the traits neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism as sufficient in describing most aspects of personality. Cattell, however, identified 16 traits necessary in accounting for aspects of personality. These disparities arise out of differences in factor-analytic method used and the range of items analysed (Carr, 2004). The most dominant trait theory of recent years is the Five-Factor Model of Personality (MacCrae Costa, 1999); a richer exploration of this will follow. The following will consider the value of the construct traits in personality theory, by providing an overview of the literature on the construct traits, related theories and current research, concluding with a discussion on the findings. 2. DEFINITION In considering the importance of the construct traits in personality theory, the author will look closer at the definition of personality and that of the construct traits. 2.1. A Definition of Personality It is said that there are as many definitions of personality as there are personality theorist. Pitts (1991: 609) highlights Gordon Allport’s definition of personality, which identifies it as, ‘the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought’, as being widely accepted by most theorists. Kaplan and Sadock (1998: 775) define personality as, ‘a person’s characteristic totality of emotional and behavioural traits apparent in ordinary life, a totality that is usually stable and predictable’. From these two comprehensive definitions, personality could therefore be seen as being both distinctive and characteristic, and as describing a style of interacting in everyday life. Since each person is complexly unique, it is not surprising that the task of describing, and even more so, measuring personality is also highly complex. On returning to the question, and considering the above definition of personality, it would appear that for the construct traits to play a significant role in personality theory they need to be able to accurately describe an individual’s general disposition, and identify these as being stable across the life-span. 2.2. A Definition of Traits Traits are said to be those things that make us who we are. More specifically, ‘traits are relatively enduring personal characteristics, which, along with situational variables, influence behaviour, cognition and affect’ (Carr, 2004: 181). In considering the above definition, the following terms are highlighted: relatively enduring and situational. The author highlights these terms specifically, as they impact on the importance of traits on personality theory, in that traits, according to this definition, are not necessarily stable across the life span and are situationally influenced. For example, the trait ‘honest’ is very often used in describing an individual, yet this particular trait is often very dependent on a given situation. Despite these possible limitations of trait theory, the author considers the clear approach traits provide in understanding and describing personality and personal interactions, as well as a tool for comparing individuals. 3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS Factor-analytic approaches and trait theories have arisen in recent years as a welcomed alternative to abstract theorising, in identifying aspects of personality that influences an individual respond in varying situation (Pitts, 1991). Raymond Cattell, using a set of observable, surface personality traits, identified a small group of 16 primary traits, as being central to personality. While, Hans Jurgen Eysenck proposed a 3-trait model. More recently, the Five-Factor Model (MacCrae Costa, 1999) has emerged as a front-runner of trait theories, as it provides a middle road between the extreme positions of Cattell and Eysenck (Carr, 2004). The Author will now consider these approaches to trait theory in greater depth. 3.1. Raymond Cattell In his aim to improve the predictive techniques of personality theory, in estimating a persons behaviour in a given situation, Raymond Cattell began by identifying names, ‘used to describe traits or characteristics of personality’ (Pitt, 1991: 623). From a list of 18 000 trait names, Cattell reduced this to 160. Then, through a process of factor analysis, he further reduced this number to 16 factors. Cattell described these 16 factors on a continuum, in a view that each person possess, to some degree, every trait. Everybody has some degree of every trait. These traits in: Abstractedness, Apprehension, Dominance, Emotional Stability, Liveliness, Openness to Change, Perfectionism, Privateness, Reasoning, Rule Consciousness, Self-Reliance, Sensitivity, Social Boldness, Tension, Vigilance and Warmth. Cattell considered these 16 factors as ‘source traits’, which form the basis of personality (Pitt, 1991, 623). In 1949 Cattell published these findings in an assess ment tool, the 16PF. According to Fehriinger(2004: Â ¶16), despite Cattell’s 16-factor theory having made great contributions to the development of personality theory, his theory has received vast criticism. The most prominent criticism being that despite numerous attempts to replicate the 16 Personality Factor Model, an entire replication has never been achieved. Yet, despite criticism, Fehriinger (2004: Â ¶16) identifies the contribution of Cattell’s theory in that, ‘investigation into to the validity of Cattells model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today’. 3.2. Hans Jurgen Eysenck According to Eysenck, personality can be represented on three dimensions, which are uncorrelated with each other; he labelled them extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (Pitt, 1991). Eysenck suggested that each person exhibits set responses to external and internal stimuli and that these will vary in accordance with the intensity of the stimuli, the situation and state of mind (Pitt, 1991).These set responses then develop into predictable trends, for example, a person may feel intimidated by large crowds, and as a result, limit his or her contact with specific situations. When this avoidance becomes a normal defence to coping with crowds, it becomes a habit. This behaviour may also then extend to other situations, such as social functions or days out in the city. When these responses are combined, they form traits. Jang (1998: Â ¶27) identifies the following contributions of Eysenck’s approach to the development of personality theory. By combing descriptive and casual aspects of personality, Eysenck’s model is considered more credible than other descriptive models. It is both comprehensive and descriptive, a critical aspect for comparison with other trait theories. The experimental approach adopted by Eysenck in the study of personality, makes this model more evidence based. Making this model more likely to generate more specific predictions because knowledge about the functioning of the specified physiological structures is available. Despite these identified contributions, Eysenck’s theory has received criticism in that it has been found to concentrate too extensively on extraversion, and has not made any expansion. A further criticism is that the unitary nature of extraversion, a premise of his theory, has been questioned. 3.3. Five-Factor Model The Five-Factor Model has drawn on the insights of Cattell, Eysenck and others, and includes the following dimensions: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Carr, 2004). According to Srivastava (2006), the five-factor model has made significant contributions to the development of personality theory, in that it established a common taxonomy, doing away with a previously disorganised field. Furthermore, the five-factor model is distinguished from other theories is that it is based on language, rather than on ideas from an individual psychologist. Further support is found for the five-factor model, in that meta-analysis has confirmed the predictive value of this model across a range of behaviors. Saulsman and Page (2004, as cited in Srivastava, 2006) examined the relationship between the five-factor model and each of the 10 personality disorder categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). These researchers found that across 15 independent samples, each disorder displayed a unique and predictable five-factor profile (Srivastava, 2006). 4. DISCUSSION From the afore gone exploration on personality theory and traits, the author is able to identify both strengths and weaknesses of the construct traits. Since trait theory is largely based on statistical data, it removes any bias influence and remains objective, unlike other personality theories, which are based on subjective personal experiences. Furthermore, it is a clear and easy to apply approach for use in understanding people. However, the criticisms remain that it is a poor predictor of future behaviour and fails to address developmental issues. Despite these, the author is able to identify the importance of the construct trait in personality theory. 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY Carr, A. 2004. Positive Psychology: The science of happiness and human strengths. Hove: Brunner-Routledge. Fehriinger, H.M. 2004. Contributions and Limitations of Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Model. Retrieved on the March 2nd, 2007, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/fehringer.html. Jang, K. 1998. Eysenck’s PEN Model: Its contributions to personality psychology. Retrieved on March 2nd, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/jang.html Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J. 1998. Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry. (8th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams Willkins. Kassin, S. 2003. Psychology. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. McCrae, R., Costa, P. 1999. A five factor theory of personality. In L. Pervin and O. John (Eds.). Handbook of Personality (2nd ed.). pp. 139-153. NY: Guilford. Pitts, M. 1991. Personality. In J. Radford and E. Govier (Eds.). A Textbook of Psychology (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Srivastava, S. (2006). Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors. Retrieved March 2nd, 2007 from http://www.uoregon.edu/~sanjay/bigfive.html.

Immortality And Mortality In The Economic Sciences :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Roberto Calvo Macias, a young author and thinker from Spain, once wrote to me that it is impossible to design a coherent philosophy of Economy without accounting for the (sad?) fact that we are mortals. This insight is intriguing. It is not that we refrain from Death in dealing with matters economic. What are estate laws, annuities, life insurance policies - but ways to cope with the Great Harvester? But this, admittedly, only scratch the non-profound surface of the question. The industrial revolution taught us that humans were dispensable. The process of production was reduced to minute functional units that people could learn in minutes. Only the most basic skills were required to successfully endure this learning curve. Thus, for as long as humans bred, the supply was inexhaustible. Humans became entirely replaceable, interchangeable (and alienated, in the process). Motion pictures of the period (â€Å"Metropolis†, â€Å"Modern Times†) portray the industrial worker as a nut in a machine, driven to the verge of insanity by the repetitiveness of his work. Yet, this view of human resources is fast becoming extinct in the rich Western countries. Training periods have lengthened, expert knowledge has taken over, the main value added is information. Humans represent a sizeable investment in education. They are no longer an inexpensive resource .With this realization, there came about a revolution in economic relations. Absurdly, inhuman totalitarian regimes (especially Fascism and Communism) were the first to emphasize the importance of the human factor in the total set of means of production. The concept of scarcity was extended (by virtually all the economic systems today) to apply to human resources. All resources are scarce. Economy is the science of trading off : giving up one resource in order to get more of another. The concept of â€Å"opportunity cost† is the first that students of economy encounter. The classic approach included natural endowments in the group of scarce resources. The human element was barely perceived as yet another natural resource. Now it is. The size of the population, its life expectancy, its quality of life, health, education, income – are all important. Economy is the branch of psychology which deals with behaviour patterns and with mental processes which relate to material wealth, with the opportunities to obtain it (=access to it) and with the processes and mechanisms underlying its attainment. Because material wealth can be expressed quantitatively, this specific branch acquired a â€Å"mathematical† nature, a twist not present in other branches of the human

Its Time to Declare English the Official Language Essay -- Argumentat

It's Time to Declare English the Official Language "In no way would having English as the official language intrude upon anyone's private life, business, or day-to-day living. Official English applies only to the conduct of government business." -S.I. Hayakawa America today is a melting pot of different societies. Everywhere, in every city and in every state, there are Germantowns, and Chinatowns, and Greektowns. America has certainly developed into one big multicultural society. With the many different cultures, come the many different languages as well. When a person imagines the language of the United States, naturally most believe that English is the national language. America, however, does not have an official language. According to the Center of Immigration Studies, more than 300 languages are currently spoken in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Immigration in the United States is a positive event that cannot be altered no matter what actions are taken against it. Immigration, in fact, has many positive influences upon this great nation. With the positive effects on this country also come the harmful effects. If America wants to continue to live harmoniously with the multitude of different cultures, the first step wo uld be to make English the official language of the United States of America. Today, 1.9 billion people speak the English language; more than one-third of humanity (U.S. Bureau of the Census). English is also the national language of many countries- countries with a multiple of different cultures- including India and several populous countries in Africa. People in those countries use English to conduct common and o... ...for our flag. It was not easy, but they did it; the beautiful thing was we were united. A World War I Veteran told me that when he came to this country from Poland, he did not speak a word of English, nor did his parents. He said he learned English and spoke it well enough to get by. â€Å"This is America,† he said, â€Å"and it is only right to honor its language.† When asked if he felt if his love and pride for his own country had faltered, he gave a stern â€Å"no.† English is the language of freedom, commerce and opportunity around the world. Declaring English the official language of the United States of America will honestly do no harm. In the end, only positive effects could come out of the measure because the day-to-day lives of a common citizen would rarely be altered. Declaring English the national language is the right and honorable thing to do. Now let's do it.

International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm

International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm Arcadia, a Turkish appliance manufacturer controlled by Turkeys largest conglomerate company named Crock Group. From the beginning, Recall products more than half of Turkeys appliances, including air conditioners, dishwashers machines, cooking appliances, and refrigerators. But since trade barriers declined in sass and sass, many competitors such as SSH, Hairier, General Electronic, Whirlpool, and Electrocute were threatening Recalls market share.In global household appliance industry, consumers tend to view home appliances as commodities, and often value low prices. Some applicants carry small profit and have long life span, using automated manufacturing plants and low-cost labor Is only help in short run for the manufacturers. In order to sell in premium price and increase profit margins, some appliance makers differentiate their product by Innovative, value-added technology and features. However, innovation is costly. Which caus ed most major appliance manufacturers began to globalize (Cassavas, Knight, & Rosenberg, 2008, up. 277-278).Arcadia sees its best prospect In emerging, fast-growing markets in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Perhaps Singapore could be one of those markets that allow Arcadia to be a lead player in the industry as its aims. Issues Economic in Singapore. Singapore economic is the first issue that attracts Arcadia to enter Into this emerging market. Singapore GAP shows Gingersnap's buying power, which also affects Arsenic's products. Analysis Economic in Singapore. According to Political Risk Yearbook: Singapore Country Report stated; â€Å"real GAP growth for the second quarter of 2010 surged to anIncreasable rate of nearly 19%, on top of registering nearly 1 7% growth in the first quarter, and that performance has now positioned Singapore to be one of the fastest growing economies in the world. † (2010, p. 4). Singapore is one of the world's leading business centers an d a major destination for foreign Investment. The first reason Is monetary stability In Singapore Is good. Second, the legal and regulatory framework for the financial sector is transparent and efficient. The government influence in the sector is gradually being reduced.Third, anti-corruption laws are strong and well enforced. Moreover, foreign and domestic Investors are treated equally, and openness to global commerce fosters competitiveness. With prudent and sound banking practices, the financial sector has weathered the global financial turbulence relatively well (Miller and Holmes, Para. 3). These should be good enough reasons to attract Arcadia entering Singapore market. Issues Singapore Consumer Lifestyle. The second Issue that Recall need to know before doing business in Singapore Is consumer lifestyle.In order to know which products appropriate to consumer lifestyle in Singapore, Arcadia should be marketed precisely; ongoing research in Singapore consumer lifestyle will defi nitely help Arcadia reaching their goal. Analysis Singapore Consumer Lifestyle. According to Global Marketing Information Database (GIMP), point out that Singapore have their busy lifestyle. They spend more time on working, and spending less time in other thing else. As Gingersnaps become busier, the demand for convenience has been on the rise. Thus, the household appliances should sales something that help Singapore save time such as microwaves and freezers.As Gingersnaps workers have less time for grocery hopping, having a freezer will help them to purchase more food. Likewise, microwaves will be great help to save time in cooking for Singapore busy worker. Moreover, Singapore is very attuned to high-technology lifestyles, and technology- based products and services are extremely popular. On the other hand, over the short-term the economic downturn will drive many consumers to be much more discerning, and they will search hard for the best deals (GIMP, 2011, Para. 1-13). Commercia l risks in Singapore.The last issue that Arcadia need to study carefully is attention risks in Singapore, including country risks or political risks, cross-cultural risks, commercial risks, and currency risks. Although Singapore has lower rate of corruption than other Asian countries and its Singapore Dollar (SAG) is quite strong, there is commercial risks that need to be considered. Analysis Commercial risks in Singapore. Although the Business Monitor International mentioned that the Singapore Dollar (SAG) is safe, there are commercial risks in Singapore.From Smog's information, Arcadia may adapt its products, prices, and promotions in order to minimize commercial risks while doing business in Singapore. In addition, there are several competitors who already have niches in Singapore should appliances market share such as, LEG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, and Careful. In order to compete with those strong competitors, Arcadia could apply its advantage, which is its knowledge of how to produce products for lower-income countries. â€Å"It operates 11 manufacturing plants in Turkey, Romania, Russia and China.Arcadia is a member of the Koch Group of companies, which holds a majority stake in the company. † (Denominator, 2010, p. 50). All those manufacturing plants allow Arcadia to produce appliances less expensively than some competitors. The retailers in Singapore are also important to Arcadias business. The main retail chains selling home appliances in Singapore are Harvey Norman, Best Dense, Courts and Gain City. Large department stores such as Tasmania and Siesta also carry a variety of major brands of home appliances.Conclusion Arcadia should expect to be better in emerging market such as, Singapore because this county offers good opportunity to household appliance businesses. Singapore has strong position in economic and continuously growth in household occupants. Arcadia should be attracted by consumer demand by households. In order to maximize company performance, Arcadia could study Singapore consumer life style and adapts its products to meet Gingersnap's demands. Reclaim has strong distribution network with close to 4,500 dealers in Turkey and 366 aboard.

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay

Is there a difference between paraphrasing and summarizing? What is it? How do you know when it is most appropriate to use one or the other in an academic paper? In academic writing there are many do not’s to refrain from in writing academically. Two of the do not’s that relates to paraphrasing and summarizing are * Do not copy from other people’s work * Do not simply copy words and phrases from the question paper; try to use your own words at all times by paraphrasing the question. These points explain there is a difference between paraphrasing and summarizing. Paraphrasing is selecting the author or writer works and referencing the ideas that are used. As well as using your own words in a length that will capture the audience attention. Summarizing is related to your ideas and thoughts of what the writer or author discuss. Plotnick (2012),†Paraphrase and summary are indispensable tools in essay writing because they allow you to include other people’s ideas without cluttering up your essay with quotations. They help you take greater control of your essay. Consider relying on either tool when an idea from one of your sources is important to your essay but the wording is not. You should be guided in your choice of which tool to use by considerations of space. But above all, think about how much of the detail from your source is relevant to your argument. If all your reader needs to know is the bare bones, then summarize. Ultimately, be sure not to rely too heavily on either paraphrase or summary. Your ideas are what matter most. Allow yourself the space to develop those ideas. † (para. How do I paraphrase? ).

Fast Food Facts Essay

Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive. You can buy fast food just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Vending machines and drive-thru restaurants are probably the most common places to find fast food. It’s so popular because for under $5.00 you can usually get a meal that’s satisfying. But fast food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat and foods that contain lots of unhealthy fats (saturated and trans fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Is fast food bad? There is no such thing as a â€Å"bad† food. All foods can fit into a healthy meal plan! It’s true that fast food is usually high in fat, calories, cholesterol, and sodium, but eating fast food every once in a while is not going to cause you problems. If you eat too much fast food over a long period of time, though, it can lead to health problems like high blood pressure, heart disease, and obesity. Is some fast food healthier than others? If you are having fast food more than once a week, try to make healthier choices. Here are some tips: †¢Choose foods that are broiled over fried such as a grilled chicken sandwich instead of fried chicken or chicken nuggets. †¢Choose soups that are not cream based.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Have low-fat salad dressings instead of the full-fat kind. †¢Have a salad or soup instead of fries. †¢Use mustard or ketchup instead of mayonnaise. †¢Order smaller entrà ©e portions in general. For example: instead of a large sub, try a small sub with a side salad or piece of fruit. †¢Order smalls instead of â€Å"super-sizing.† A large fry has 540 calories and 26 grams of fat, but a small fry has about 60% less fat and calories (210 calories and 10 grams of fat). †¢When ordering a sub or sandwich, select leaner meats like turkey or grilled chicken instead of fried items, like a burgers or steak and cheese sandwiches. †¢Choose water, low-fat milk, or diet sodas instead of regular sodas, fruit drinks, and milkshakes. †¢When ordering pizza, add veggies instead of meat. †¢If fruit and veggies are available, try to add them into your meal. For example, have lettuce and tomato on sandwiches or burgers. Where can I find nutrition facts about fast food? You can check out your favorite fast food place or restaurant on the internet. You can find the company web site by doing a google search. Once you have found the web site, look for the â€Å"nutrition section†. There is usually a link on the home page to the nutrition section where you will find nutrition facts, including fat, cholesterol, sodium, protein, calories, and more. Most companies have a web site which includes useful nutrition information. This will help you make good choices when eating out! Remember: There are many healthy food choices that are easily available, tasty, and don’t cost very much that can be eaten on the go. Try to balance fast food with other nutritious foods throughout the day and make healthier choices whenever possible. Many fast food restaurants have their nutrition information available on-site or on the internet; take a look at it to help you choose healthier options.

Failure to maintain the rule of law Essay

The government’s repeated failures to bring levels of violent crime under control contributed to an environment which saw people resort to violence without fear of arrest or successful prosecution. In failing to maintain the rule of law the state had conditioned many poor communities to violent behaviour. The failure to protect communities from criminal elements and to remove those elements had allowed criminals to take full advantage of chaos and disorder to rob, rape, and loot during the violent uprisings. Incompetence in the ministry of safety and security, falling standards in the South African Police Service, corruption up to the highest levels of the police, and affirmative action had eroded the capacity of the police to provide a safe and secure environment in South Africa. This was further exacerbated by the poor performance of the prosecution service in securing convictions for offenders and the failure of the department of correctional services to rehabilitate offenders. South Africa was faced with an effective breakdown of the organs responsible for maintaining law and order. Warnings to this effect from a variety of sources had been largely ignored or treated with arrogance and contempt from the office of the minister of safety and security downwards. That not a single minister or deputy minister responsible for law and order, justice, or prisons was dismissed over close on ten years of Thabo Mbeki’s presidency suggests that the government was either unable to identify the risks presented by lawlessness or had resigned itself to the consequences. Regardless of which of the two options is correct the failure of the state to maintain law and order is the first direct contributing factor to the violence. 2.) Border control The collapse of proper border control mechanisms saw literally millions of people gaining entry to South Africa illegally. The responsibility for this law enforcement failure rests jointly with the army, police and the government who saw fit to hand many border dut ies to the police when it should have been obvious that the police were unable to handle the responsibility. The closure of the commandos is instructive in this regard as it suggests a government more interested in ideology than in pragmatism. During a period when South Africa experienced some of the highest levels of violent crime in the world the state saw fit to close down one of the key organs responsible for rural policing. Poor policy decisions and simple incompetence in border policing therefore contributed directly to the presence of a large illegal population in South Africa. Without adequate legal standing in the community these people became easy or soft targets for mob violence. The police’s own heavy handed raids on illegal immigrants further created the impression that they were fair game in South Africa. The policy response to the cross border influx revolved chiefly around a programme of arrests and deportations often without regard to the human rights and due process issues that should have applied. This policy continued long after it was apparent that it was having no effect on the number of illegal immigrants in South Africa. Again no senior political official with responsibility for this critical area of policing was dismissed for underperformance despite the obvious threat to national security. 3.) Corruption Corruption in the state sector became endemic under Thabo Mbeki and very little was done to curb it. The examples of Travelgate, Armsgate, and Oilgate served to create the impression that the South African state was corrupt up to the highest levels of government. Such corruption in turn filtered down into the various government departments at local, provincial, and national level. In the home affairs, social welfare, and law enforcement areas literally tens of thousands of officials were implicated in corrupt dealings. Anger by South Africans at immigrants with illegal documents getting access to services is therefore understandable and was brought about in large part by the failure of the police and the department of home affairs to crack down on fraudulent documents. Evidence of widespread corruption was uncovered by a host of agencies and the media. The government, however, failed to act with due diligence and most corrupt officials got away with a slap on the wrist. Even where the law took its course as in the case of Tony Yengeni the ANC saw fit to carry him into prison like a conquering hero. Confidence in the state was substantially eroded by corruption policy failures and poor judgment on the part of government. Consequently it is not surprising that communities saw the need to take their anger onto the streets. Widespread corruption undermining the role of the state is therefore a further direct contributing factor to the violence. 4.) Employment With close on 40% of South Africans failing to secure a proper job it is not surprising that scores of youths were able to conduct days and nights of violent campaigns in informal settlements around Johannesburg. Unemployment was therefore a direct contributing cause to the violence. Among young black South Africans the unemployment rate extends to over 50% in some areas. Overall only 50% of African households get their main source of income from employment. Social welfare which now reaches 25% of South Africans was never going to be sufficient to meet communities’ expectations of a better life. Warnings as to the risks of sustained levels of high unemployment were largely ignored by government. Labour legislation, hopelessly inappropriate for a largely unskilled workforce, has contributed to keep many mainly black South Africans out of jobs. Immigrants were able to secure employment as these labour policies did not apply to them and were in many cases able to make a living free from government grantsor regulation. Policy responses such as the Expanded Public Works Programme were a case of too little too late to prevent the turbulence that has gripped parts of Johannesburg for the past seven days. The government showed limited urgency in dealing with an unemployment crisis that required dramatic changes in policy to address. A host of talk shops, forums, and strategies were substituted for actual progress. It is a valid question how the government could ignore such an obvious political risk factor for so long without an adequate policy response. Partly the answer may lie in the ANC misjudging its electoral support for satisfaction with its policies. 5.) Education This has been government’s biggest failure and carries much of the blame for the high unemployment levels. It is arguable whether current state education is in its totality any better than that under apartheid. Only 1% of black matriculants achieve a good HG maths pass. The output of the school education system was therefore far from adequate to free households from state dependency or to acquire the skills necessary to find employment in a heavily regulated labour market. The education system is a good example where policy failures in one area compounded those in another. In this case poor education compounded the inappropriate labour market policy which in turn compounded the unemployment problem. Many warnings to government in this regard have been dismissed as alarmist and sensationalist. That combined with critical policy misjudgments such as the adoption of outcomes based education and the closure of teacher training colleges sabotaged any chance of rehabilitating the education system. The failure of education is therefore a further direct contributing cause to the violence. 6.) Slowing economic growth The failure to take proper advantage of a global boom in commodities meant that South Africa attracted limited benefit from the economic climate of the last five years. Empowerment policy, affirmative action, and bureaucratic interference in mining for example saw South Africa’s mining sector stutter over a period when it should have boomed. In many cases racial bean counting, self enrichment through economic empowerment, and ideological arguments for transformation trumped the need to boost economic growth rates above 4.5%. South Africa was therefore unable to use the global commodity boom to establish subsidiary industries or to invest in its industrial base. Policy failures in electricity supply and telecommunication technology in turn further hampered the economic growth rate in South Africa and further compounded the failure to adopt an industrial policy aimed at facilitating growth off the commodity boom. Education and skills shortages share some of the blame for this. In many cases ideologically driven beliefs in the state’s role in managing the economy overruled pragmatic policy responses. Agriculture is a prime example where the governments’ policy on commercial producers could best be described as hostile even as food prices begun to rise. Increasing food prices directly compromised the welfare of poor communities and must be identified as one of the key causal factors responsible for the violence. Rising inflation is a second key causal factor for the violence where a failure of the Reserve Bank’s inflation targeting policy has largely undone much of the anti-poverty impact of social grants spending. Again this is an example of one policy failure compounding failures in a host of other areas. Both food prices and inflation together with rising fuel costs directly impacted upon poor households and must have forced them to cut down on basic staples. That alone may have been sufficient to spark much of the anger visible in and around Johannesburg this week. These three factors directly undid the efforts of social grants in alleviating poverty as they undermined the value of those grants. Two of the three factors were in government’s direct policy responsibility to address. An analysis of economic policy failures would not be complete without examining the role of empowerment policy in establishing a very small and often politically connected black middle class. Government saw fit to celebrate this limited success even as the majority of black South Africans continued to live in relative squalor and poverty. In retrospect it is extraordinary that government would flaunt such limited participation in the broader economy by a select group of individuals when most of its supporters had no hope of ever becoming the beneficiary of an empowerment transaction. The now regular site of a high speed government convoys of black luxury sedans escorted by scores of police shoving through traffic points to a similarly misguided and extraordinary arrogance on the part of those who had promised a better life for all in 1994. Warnings of political risk accompanying such policy blunders where sharply disputed by government most notably in the example of Tony Trahar who was admonished by Thabo Mbeki for raising the issue of political risk in South Africa. 7.) Foreign policy Particularly in the case of Zimbabwe foreign policy was wholly inappropriate and incompetent. Thabo Mbeki’s quiet diplomacy provided a lifeline to the ailing Zimbabwe regime that kept it in power longer than would otherwise have been the case. The failure to condemn initial violence and electoral fraud in Zimbabwe contributed directly to the massive inflow of foreign immigrants. Such quiet diplomacy stands in strong contrast to the unanimous condemnation by government of the current violence in South Africa and creates the impression that violence targeted at Zimbabweans was acceptable as long as it took place in Zimbabwe. Seen in light of South Africa’s inability to secure its borders our foreign policy on Zimbabwe was destined to have only one effect – the inflow of illegal immigrants. It is far from convincing to argue that the best South Africa, as Africa’s economic superpower, could do was to quietly engage the Harare regime. Targeted economic and financial sanctions together with clear criticism of human rights abuses in Zimbabwe were a perfectly feasible alternative policy. As in almost every area of policy failure warnings directed at government were scoffed at and dismissed. In the Zimbabwe case Thabo Mbeki’s government was quick to describe as racist any criticism of his Zimbabwe policy. Need one only remember the tumultuous reception Robert Mugabe was given at Thabo Mbeki’s inauguration? Ideology again trumped pragmatism, a failure for which South Africa is paying heavily. 8.) Service delivery While a host of government targets were met service delivery provision was far from adequate to meet expectations of a better life for all. A policy failure is again at the heart of the problem as the state took it upon itself to provide services and jobs and thereby tied households to its ability to deliver. Where delivery appeared to falter public protest was the outcome and literally thousands of protests, many of them violent, have been directed at the state over the past 36 months. In many cases the government relied on corrupt and incompetent local authorities to implement its policies. Despite much bluster and posturing not enough was done to bring these authorities into line even as a growing trend of protest actions became visible over the past 36 months. The failure of local government in delivery was never adequately addressed and communities lost faith in the willingness of government to address their queries when these were made through official channels. Communities learnt to express their dissatisfaction violently and this is set to continue as long as local authorities remain corrupt and incompetent. High unemployment was again a further contributing factor exacerbating other policy failures. The protests of the past 36 months have in the main been isolated and sporadic but should have sent a clear warning to government that dissatisfaction with delivery could spark large scale unrest. Government however continued to insist that it was on the right track and that dismissed criticism as alarmist or aimed at threatening the national democratic revolution. The government effectively miscalculated that continuing strong voter support for the ANC translated directly into support for its delivery efforts. This has proven to be a tragic misjudgment. Current legislation pending in provinces to ‘eradicate’ informal dwellings is a perfect example of a type of heavy handed delivery blunder that has characterised the government. If implemented it will no doubt aid in creating exactly the kind of havoc currently experienced around Gauteng. It is in a sense a good measure in deciding whether the government has learnt any lessons from this week’s violence. 9.) Race relations Thabo Mbeki’s efforts at re-racialising South Africa and the numerous pieces of race based policy and legislation that accompanied his time in office undid much of the progress in improving race relations accomplished under Nelson Mandela. Mbeki’s tenure re-enforced differences and assigned values based on race. It was not surprising therefore that racial conflict could be an end result of his government’s numerous policy failures. That that conflict is black on black and not black on white is unsurprising considering that levels of latent ethnic tension remain present in South Africa. Obsession with black on white racism meant that the apparently more widespread form of black on black racism was never adequately addressed. Overzealous self censorship and political correctness prevented many commentators from speaking up clearly about a possibly far more deep seated racism between black and black than existed between black and white. What can be done? Combined failures in these key policy areas have come together to create a virtual tinderbox of dissatisfaction with government delivery and the protests originating in Alexandra where merely a matter of a spark igniting the tensions at the right time in the right place. Similar political risk factors exist throughout South Africa and there exists the danger that the violence could spread further at a point in time. A second danger exists that the violence could come to take on a more ethnic nature and devolve into a renewed conflict particularly if it spreads in KwaZulu-Natal. It is a risk that South Africa will have to live with for several years as there is no quick fix solution for the current crisis. The appointment of a panel to investigate the violence is a useful academic exercise but is again a wholly inappropriate policy response to resolve the crisis. This is equally true of revitalising the failed Roll Back Xenophobia campaigns and the like which cannot adequately capture the underlying causes to the violence. The short term response should be a well thought out and coordinated law enforcement response that aims to identify and arrest anyone responsible for inciting violence or the destruction of property while isolating violent hotspots and saturating these areas with police personnel. It should be intelligence driven and managed by detectives. Tragically it is questionable, however, whether the police have the skills or equipment to conduct such an operation effectively. Employing the military in a civilian capacity risks a major disaster. They are not trained, equipped, or prepared for such a function. There is a real risk of the army shooting into a crowd with live ammunition and causing casualties that could inflame tensions even further and will almost certainly see a nationwide uprising against the state. Conclusion The violence we have experienced over the past week can be directly attributed to a series of policy failures on the part of Thabo Mbeki’s government. Warnings to that effect were too easily dismissed by government spokespeople who accused analysts of racism and ‘doom and gloom’ scenarios. A ‘worst possible scenario’ has now materialised and requires a more mature and measured response from government. Failing that we should expect that similar unrest could occur with little warning in any area of South Africa. *Frans Cronje is the Deputy CEO of the South African Institute of Race Relations. This is an edited version of an article published by the SAIRR on May 20 2008